SOFTWARE patents are like zombies in the zombie film genre that Hollywood has made popular. They just refuse to die. As many times you kill them, they revive again and keep coming back. In India, we thought we had killed and buried software patents with the Amended Patent Act in 2005, and again in the Patents Manual, 2011, both of which effectively deny software patents. The recent guidelines on Computer Related Invention (CRI) issued by the Indian Patents Office last month, has brought them back again, with an interpretation that not only violates the Act, but also the English language.

GENESIS OF

THE BATTLE

The genesis of the recurring battle in India over software patents are the exceptions under the Patents Act – Clause 3(k) – which states that a patent cannot be granted for “a mathematical or business method or a computer programme per se or algorithms.”  The Joint Parliamentary Committee (JPC), which had added the words per se, had made clear that it referred to only those inventions, which had software combined with other things. The combination could be patented, if it satisfied other criteria of patentability – innovation, industrial applicability, etc. According to JPC, the innovation had to reside either in the combination as a whole or outside of the software to be patentable.

The CRI Guidelines seek to subvert three of the four items that have been held to be not patentable in 3(k) of the Patents Act. One is software per se, the second is a mathematical method, the third is a business method.

Let us take the mathematical method that is held in the Act to be not patentable. The CRI Guidelines makes the astounding claim that though a mathematical method cannot be patented, however if it becomes a part of a mathematical model, the model itself somehow becomes patent eligible. First, a mathematical model can be one equation, or can be a set of equations. Remember the population models known as Lotka-Volterra population models – a pair of differential equations – we studied in school/college? Is the Patents Office claiming that a set of equations can now be patented, by just calling it a model? This is a claim that nobody – to my knowledge – has made anywhere in the world. Even the most asinine of patent lawyers will not make such a claim; or if he did, would be promptly sent to a lunatic asylum!

The interpretation of English on business method patenting is equally bad. The law is unambiguous regarding business method patenting – it says no business method patenting is allowed. Here again, the patent office follows a similar twist of language; yes, the Act says no business method patenting, but if the method is not just a method but “specifies an apparatus in connection with or a technical process for carrying out a Business Method”, then it somehow becomes patent eligible. Thus what was a blanket ban on patenting business methods – there is no per se in the Act as in computer programmes – is sought to be negated by adding some words that are not in the Act. This is like saying that a business method cannot be patented, unless it is written on white paper and typed in black. No qualifier can turn a negative in the Act to a positive, no matter what the qualifier.

We come to what computer programme per se means. The original language of the Draft 2002 Act, had computer programmes as being not patentable; the JPC added the words per se to computer programme. Of course any such qualifier is a lawyer's delight; they can then spend reams of paper and charge big bucks to interpret per se in various ways.

JPC defined computer programme per se is quite clear. They had clarified that they did not want to bar patents, if a device containing software was to be patented, but only if the patentability was claimed for the software. Obviously, a computer programme runs on a computer, therefore any software running on a generic computer is computer programme per se. If a machine has embedded software in it and the combination has novelty, as a whole, or in the part of the machine that does not run the software, it can be considered to be not computer programme per se, and therefore patentable.

India had an obligation under the WTO/TRIPS Agreement to make its patent law TRIP compatible by 2014.The Draft Amendment brought before the parliament in 2004 by the BJP-led government, with Arun Jaitley, as the law minister, included software patents though this was not a TRIPS obligation.  The draft amendment added various qualifiers to the computer programme per se clause to restrict it in different ways, thus allowing certain class of software patents.

The NDA government could not pass the amendments, as the parliament was dissolved in 2014 and the elections brought in a new government. The UPA government placed the same Jaitley amendments before the parliament, and then issued it as an ordinance in December 2014. When the bill came before the parliament, the UPA required the Left's support to pass the amendments as they had fallen out with NDA over dismissal of NDA's Jharkhand government. The Left then was able to negotiate on a number of items, including the inclusion of the famous 3(d) clause on pharmaceutical patents, as also dropping of software patents. All the qualifiers restricting the scope of computer programme per se was deleted in the final Act.

The Patents Manual released by the Patents Office in 2011 unambiguously defined that if the claims contained a software and a hardware portion, the hardware portion must be sufficiently disclosed and must “form an essential part of the innovation”. This was the position of the CRI Draft Guidelines issued in 2013 as well. During the public consultations, there were clearly two sides – the patent lawyers and big IT companies on one side, and the other side consisting of free and open source community. What has now emerged as the final guidelines, is a version that the software patent lobby has been wanting from the beginning.

DANGEROUS

FALL-OUTS

Why are software patents dangerous? Simply put, software patents are not about technology innovation, but attempts to patent ideas, laws of nature or mathematics, all of which are held not patentable under all legal systems. Though ideas cannot be patented, the expression of such ideas can be protected through copyright. This is why, like any written work, software – essentially code written by people in some computer language – can also be copyrighted.

It is widely recognised that monopolies hurt society, and are being given for a limited period to incentivise inventors. The Economist, as far back as 1851, wrote that granting of patents “excites fraud, stimulates men to run after schemes that may enable them to levy a tax on the public, begets disputes and quarrels betwixt inventors, provokes endless lawsuits (and) bestows rewards on the wrong persons.” This remains true even today.

If ideas are allowed to be patented, it would lead to a monopoly over a much larger area, damaging society's development. It is like allowing a raga to be “protected” and not the song; protecting a trope in literature and not the book. What the current guidelines do, is to allow the equivalent of the ragas in music to be patented, by allowing the idea underlying the software itself to be patented.

The software industry grew entirely under copyright. It is only when software industry became big, that the dominant firms tried to ensure their monopoly position by trying to patent software. The US was the first to lead the charge on software patents, with courts permitting, first software patents, then, even business method patents. Subsequently, under the intervention of the US Supreme Court, this dangerous interpretation of the law has now been reversed, with patentability being allowed only if the software is in combination with hardware, and both as a whole show innovation worthy of a patent. The US Supreme Court has also held that running software on a generic computer would not qualify for a patent. Various countries – Germany and New Zealand recently – are also coming to this position or even stronger ones with respect to software patents.

It is not only the Left that opposes software patents. Internet pioneers such as Tim Berners Lee, major technology companies, even business leaders have opposed patenting of software. It is also bad for business, as shown in a study by Bessen and Meurer (Patent Failure: How Judges, Bureaucrats, and Lawyers Put Innovators at Risk). It has led to much higher costs to companies in terms of litigation and damages than they have recovered through royalties. The only ones who have benefited are the lawyers and patent trolls. Patent trolls are those who buy up patents, not to work the patents, but only to sue successful companies. Two scholars, James Bessen and Michael Meurer, have shown that in the US, companies are likely to be sued two times more for software patent violations and seven times more over business method patent violations than over any other class of patents. About 38 percent of all patent litigation is over just these two classes of patents.

If innovation is at risk, it is the small, innovative business that is harmed the most. The big monopolies gain, while the small players lose. It also means that the Indian software industry is more at risk, as this will only strengthen the market position of the IT multinationals.

Successive governments have supported open source software.  The earlier Open Standards Policy and the recently released Open Source Software for E-Governance, are all welcome measures in this direction. How, then do we explain the sudden shift towards software patenting, that too through executive action and in violation of the will of the parliament? Ignorance of the issue or hidden pressure of the US IT industry? Or the Modi government's desire to simply bypass the parliament and policy making by fiat?

The Indian parliament and the Patent Office, till now, had done well in sparing us the mess that the US courts created by interpreting its Patents Act to allow software patents. Starting from the 2005 Act, to the Patents Manual, the Free and Open source Software movement and the Left forces, successfully fought off the danger of software patents. It is ironic that while the US is now pulling back to the position that the Indian Patent Act holds, the Patent Office is seeking to interpret the law in a way that defeats the law itself.

The progressive sections, the free and open source community including small IT companies, need to come together to defeat the Patent Office's attempt to allow software patents, and even mathematics and business methods. The commerce ministry must act, if the Patent Office does not, and withdraw this utterly stupid interpretation of the Patents Act.